The energy-flow paradigm begins with energy from the ... Runck, C. Macroinvertebrate production and food web energetics in an industrially contaminated sream. Ecological Applications 17, 740 ...

Since the production of seeds is pollen-limited ... bottom-up or top-down control of community structure. Food webs illustrate energy flow from primary producers to primary consumers (herbivores ...

Feeding (consumption). Energy flow. The transfer of substances such as carbon and nitrogen. Food webs show a number of food chains that are interlinked due to the organisms involved living in ...

The way energy passes through an ecosystem is described as energy flow. Herbivores (plant eating animals) are primary consumers. Carnivores (animals who eat other animals) are secondary consumers ...